Effects Of Positive Punishment On Children - 1562 Words

This paper will explore effects of positive punishment on children from research conducted through an online database. The articles however vary in certain aspects and perspective of punishment. Lansford, Wagner, Bates, Pettit, Dodge (2012) discuss the controversy as to whether or not infrequent spanking is related to the higher levels of externalizing behavior. Fletcher (2012) discusses whether or not the use of punishment is effective on children. Straus (1999) suggested about 15 years ago that it might be time to start outlawing spanking as a form of assault. Last, Berzenski Yates (2013) assess physical punishment, such as spanking, and how it effects children’s behavioral and self-adjustment. Keywords: positive punishment,†¦show more content†¦This paper will examine current parental and legal thoughts on corporal punishment such as spanking and it’s effects it has on children both short-term and long-term. First, it is important to define the term punishment. Baumrind, Larzelere, Cowan (2002) state that positive punishment involves the addition of an aversive stimulus that should be used in moderation. Therefore, an example of positive punishment would be considered spanking since it involves the use of an object or the hand to apply an aversive stimulus onto the buttocks of a child. The differentiation in regard to the law between spanking and abuse is the fact that spanking does no cause injury, while abuse does. Parents who want to discontinue or prevent an undesirable behavior may practice punishment as a disciplinary tactic. Fletcher (2012) states that parents and physicians who are against spanking claim that it teaches the children a bad lesson, which is that violence allows them to get what they want. Parents who regularly use punishment tactics such as parenting are not â€Å"bad parents†. Whether or not a parent decides to practice spanking their children is completely their decision. As of now, there are no legal issues in regard to parenting as there is with abuse. This is because abuse involves injury while spanking does not. However, research today is suggesting that there are negative

Declaration of Sentiments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 940 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Women Rights Essay Did you like this example? The primary source- Abigail Adams, Letters to John Adams and His Reply (1776). It is the most famous letter addressed to her husband who took an active part in the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The period of 1775-1783 is famous for one of the biggest events in world history, the war in the United States for the independence of the people. The revolution began with tax discontent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Declaration of Sentiments" essay for you Create order The driving force behind the revolution was the desire to secede England which viewed the American territories of Britain as a specialized part of a single system of conditional empire. Residents of American territories of Britain did not want to be a specialized part and subject to the common interests of the whole empire. They wanted to separate and use all their resources on their own. Thus, 13 American bourgeois colonies gained independence from monarchical England. This happened on July 4, 1776 when America adopted the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson. The declaration stated that from now on 13 North American public colonies were being suspended from England and united into one state that is the United States (United States of America). The reason for its proclamation called the fact that the metropolis oppressed and infringed upon the rights of the colonies of the New World. The main idea of the Declaration of Independence was that from now on only the people were considered as the source of power. The United States became Republican, and people of different nationalities and religions supposed to become equal among themselves and had the same rights. The status of women in this period was dictated by the British law system which stipulated that an unmarried woman could own property, sign contracts, sue, and be liable before the court. How ever, when she got married, she became the whole with her husband and refuse both her surname and her property which was transferred under the control of her husband. The situation in other social and political spheres was also not in favor of women. The significance of this source is that we could find out when the long road of fight for womens rights begin. The first public defender of the rights of American women was the wife of the leader of American Revolution John Adams and who became a second president of the United Stated. In letters written to her husband Mrs. Abigail Adams argued that women deserve to have equal political, economic, and social rights with men. She put it like this: I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of Master for the more tender and endearing one of Friend (Reader, p.8). This desire of Abigail was not taken seriously: I cannot but laugh and in the newly proclaimed American republic women for long decades remained in a subordinate position both legally and socially (Reader, p.8). The primary source â€Å" Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments (1848). The woman at all times played the role of the keeper of the hearth. In almost all countries of the world marriages were exclusively religious in nature, and divorces were strictly forbidden or condemned by society. The duties of the spouse were to provide food for the family. The wife had to bring up children and completely submit to her spouse. The right of America said that the fair sex does not exist in legal terms if there is no husband or father behind it. Without the consent of the man, the couple did not have the opportunity to own property, enter into contracts or appear in court. But the time has come when women lost patience, and women of Western civilization began their struggle for equality in the 19th century. The womens movement was known as suffragism which literally means the right to vote. In addition to the right to vote, women wanted to attend and study in universities, and they wanted to have equal rights to any property. The suffragist movements manifesto was announced by American activists at the very first conference on womens rights where they approved a Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 in Seneca Falls. It laid out the principles of existence and the basic ideas of suffragism. This Declaration was proposed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She wanted to somehow connect her work with the Declaration of Independence of America. Its significant that at the conference activists were able to clearly articulate the slogan of their own movement: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (Reader, p.19). According to our primary source, they listed main eighteen repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her (Reader, p.19). To summarize, according to our secondary source: Women were denied access to professions, trades, and education; their rights in marriage and motherhood; their self-confidence; and their moral equality before Godright to vote (TWY, p. 240).The significance of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her Declaration of Sentiments manifested in the fact that she launched a series of events that led to the fact that all women were entitled to vote.

Macroeconomics Final Free Essays

Course name: Macroeconomics FINAL 1. The two large macroeconomies I selected are China and the United States. 2a. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics Final or any similar topic only for you Order Now GDP and GDP growth rate Found on http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/Interest-Rate. aspx? Symbol=CNY ChinaU. S. GDP per capita 2000-94934606 2001-102134518 2002-110634747 2003-120935318 2004-132336272 2005-145237050 2006-161237757 2007-181138138 2008-196338206 2009-NANA China U. S. GDP growth rate (avg) 2000- 7. 684. 15 2001- 7. 451. 08 2002- 8. 051. 83 2003- 9. 432. 48 2004- 9. 503. 58 2005- 10. 083. 08 2006- 10. 982. 65 2007- 12. 082. 13 2008- 9. 130. 43 2009- 7. 63-3. 55 2b. Exchange Rates used http://www. x-rates. com/cgi-bin/hlookup. cgi to find info US Dollar to Chinese Yuan 2000 -1 to 8. 2795 2001 -1 to 8. 2775 2002 -1 to 8. 2766 2003 -1 to 8. 28 2004 -1 to 8. 2767 2005 -1 to 8. 2765 2006 -1 to 8. 0702 2007 -1 to 7. 8051 2008 -1 to 7. 2946 2009 -1 to 6. 8295 2c. Inflation rates Found on http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/Inflation-CPI. aspx? Symbol=USD CHINAUS JAN/DECJAN/DEC 2000- -0. 20/1. 502. 70/3. 40 2001- 1. 20/-0. 303. 70/1. 60 2002- -1. 00/-0. 401. 10/2. 40 2003- 0. 40/3. 202. 60/1. 90 2004- 3. 20/2. 402. 00/3. 30 2005- 1. 90/1. 603. 00/3. 40 2006- 1. 90/2. 04. 00/2. 50 2007- 2. 20/6. 502. 10/4. 10 2008- 7. 10/1. 204. 30/0. 10 2009- 1. 00/NA0. 00/NA 2d. Interest rate on short term government debt Found on http://www. treas. gov/offices/domestic-finance/debt-management/interest-rate/yield_historical_2000. shtml and http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/Interest-Rate. aspx? Symbol=CNY China (JAN at 1 year on all)U. S. (JAN at 1 ye ar on all) 2000 – 5. 856. 09 2001 – 5. 855. 11 2002 – 5. 852. 28 2003 – 5. 311. 42 2004 – 5. 311. 31 2005 – 5. 582. 79 2006 – 5. 584. 38 2007 – 6. 125. 00 2008 – 7. 473. 17 2009 – 5. 310. 40 2e. Unemployment rate Found on http://www. radingeconomics. com/Economics/Unemployment-rate. aspx? Symbol=USD ChinaU. S. (MAR) on all 2000- NA4. 00 2001- NA4. 30 2002- 4. 30 (DEC)5. 70 2003- 4. 10 (MAR)5. 90 2004- 4. 30 (MAR)5. 80 2005- 4. 20 (MAR)5. 20 2006- 4. 20 (MAR)4. 70 2007- 4. 10 (MAR)4. 40 2008- 4. 00 (MAR)5. 10 2009- 4. 30 (MAR)8. 50 2f. Trade deficit Found on http://www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/Current-Account. aspx? Symbol=USD ChinaU. S. 2000- 20519. 2-417. 4 2001- 22503. 9-398. 3 2002- 49051. 8-459. 2 2003-56995. 2-521. 5 2004- 76124. 5-631. 1 2005- 228081. 8-748. 7 2006-341448. 9-803. 6 2007-534691. 0-726. 6 2008-617825. -706. 1 2009-134459. 9-203. 2 3. Trends in each variable, What do they mean for econo mic conditions in each country? The trends shown in the GDP for China from 2000 to 2009 shows an increase from 949 to 1963, while the United States grows from 34,606 to 38,206. This shows that both countries are increasing which is good, and since the United States is already high, China will show more growth percentage also known as the catch-up effect. This is proven in the GDP growth rates calculated, where China holds a 7 to 12 percent increase, while he United States shows increases of 4 percent to decreases up to 3. 5 percent. Another fact proving China’s growth is their trade deficit. The trade deficit has remained positive and only gotten better over the years, while the United States has always had negative deficits. The exchange rate proves through the years that China is moving to an equilibrium with the United States dollar, but is still lower in the value of their yuan. Some of the credit for achieving this can be contributed to the fact that China maintains lowe r inflation rates than the United States. Other interesting facts is that China’s interest rates on short term debt remain stable while the United States was high in the early 2000s, low in the mid 2000s, and high in the late 2000s, until present at an all time low. China’s job unemployment rate also remains stable while the United States has recently risen quite a bit. 4. Analysis of strengths and weaknesses. My analysis of strengths shows that the United States overall per capita is wealthier than China. The United States currently has no inflation and interest rates are low. Another strength for the United States is that the value of a dollar is significantly higher than the value of a Chinese yuan. Strengths for China show that they are a trade powerhouse. China continues to grow and show improvements in their economy. They are currently undergoing the catch-up effect, and technologically they are advancing daily. Weaknesses show that the United States is struggling in 2009. Unemployment is on ongoing struggle with the economical lows we face. China is still per capita at a much lower GDP than the United States and still has quite a ways to go before their yuan is equal to a dollar. China also has much higher interest rates than the United States. 5. What conclusions can you draw from your analysis. My conclusion that I have drawn from this study is that for the United States, we are still doing well considering the economy today. Having a lower trade deficit than the average over the last ten years, keeping inflation out of the equation, and keeping a solid GDP is key when you are economically well off. My conclusion that I have drawn from this study for China is that they are a work in progress. China continues to grow in a positive direction on all the data I have collected. The per capita for China’s GDP has more than doubled in the past ten years, and the growth rate has been steadily increasing until recent years. The Chinese yuan continues to lower exchange rates. Though interest rates on short term government debt are higher than that of the United States, 2009 shows that it is at the lowest rate it has been in recent years. Unemployment for China has not risen, even with the economy suffering. Lastly for China, trade is continually growing, having risen over six times that of ten years ago! Overall China and the United States together have a lot of positive data to analyze. The United States main concerns over China are to keep unemployment low and trade deficits low as well. Also the United States needs to lower interest rates on short term government debt in order to grow. China’s main concerns should be to lower interest rates and inflation rates, while continuing to grow in GDP and lower exchange rates. Both countries are vital to the overall world economy. China is a leading exporter to the world. The United States is a leading importer to the world. Without trade and the rest of the world, China would have no one to buy their goods and the United States would have no one to buy from so cheaply. How to cite Macroeconomics Final, Papers Macroeconomics Final Free Essays

Success for all Students in Inclusion Classes free essay sample

On average a mainstream school can have up to 30 students in any given class. This can make it difficult for teachers to provide the additional support that students with preferred learning styles may need. Within my environment providing this support is much easier as the classes are considerably smaller. Staff from all departments make it their business to know every child in the school by name and are mostly able to build professional and positive relationships with each of the students. Rewarding success and showing students that you care (within the constraints of your setting), conversing with them and demonstrating a genuine interest in who your students are as people, not only builds rapport but embeds a feeling of safety, respect, trust and reinforces positive expectations around the students learning and behaviour.Teaching a class that contains students with mixed abilities and styles means that I have to use teaching methods and techniques that will allow me to set achieva ble outcomes for the students and in turn allowing them to gain a successful and enjoyable experience in class. We will write a custom essay sample on Success for all Students in Inclusion Classes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This might mean that;†¢ Some students will need me to provide them with examples on a topic that they can identify with. For example, teaching students about Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, but modernizing it and applying the story to two teenagers that live in postcodes that don’t get on.†¢ Some students may need me to allow them additional time to analyze the learning before they can feedback and demonstrate their understanding.†¢ I may need to provide some of the students with a variation of the resources that are being used during a lesson.†¢ Some students may need me to model an answer before they understand what it is that I am asking them to do.†¢ Some students may need to see a demonstration of what they are supposed to be doing (woodwork, cooking etc.) in order to understand and complete the task. It is important that the students know that I am there to provide support wherever it is needed. Additionally, it is also important that I observe my students and be aware of a change of learning styles, students that are finding it difficult to grasp concepts and may need additional support and provide a platform for all students to have a voice in class.Every student should be given fair and equal opportunities to learn, be assessed and provide feedback. For example, due to the additional educational needs of some of the students at Westside, I provide ongoing assessments to ensure that they have an understanding of the subject that I am teaching. I may require a written assessment for students that are of a higher ability and provide a questioning assessment for those that do not respond well to writing for long periods of time. Questioning assessments allow the student to verbalize their responses.In order to use this types of assessment, a teacher must ensure that the work provi ded is differentiated to meet the needs of the students learning ability and style. At Westside the students are assessed by the SEN Officer, using VAK (Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic). Using this system the students learning style can be included in the student’s individual learning plan.